Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty Publications

The Role of Protein Binding in Induction of Apoptosis by Phenethyl Isothiocyanate and Sulforaphane in Human Non-Small Lung Cancer Cells

Document Type

Article

Publication Date

7-1-2007

Journal Title

Cancer Research

ISSN

0008-5472

Volume

67

Issue

13

First Page

6409

Last Page

6416

DOI

10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-0340

PubMed ID

17616701

Abstract

Induction of apoptosis underlies a mechanism for inhibiting tumorigenesis by phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) and sulforaphane (SFN). However, the upstream events by which isothiocyanates (ITC) induce apoptosis have not been fully investigated. As electrophiles, ITCs could trigger apoptosis by binding to DNA or proteins or by inducing oxidative stress. To better understand the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis by ITCs, we examined, as a first step, the role of these events in human non-small lung cancer A549 cells. PEITC was a more potent inducer than SFN; it induced apoptosis at 20 micromol/L, whereas SFN induced at 40 micromol/L but not at 20 micromol/L. To study binding with cellular proteins and DNA, cells were treated with (14)C-ITCs; the initial protein binding by PEITC was almost 3-fold than that of SFN. The binding by PEITC increased with time, whereas binding by SFN remained low. Therefore, 4 h after incubation proteins became the predominant targets for PEITC with a 6-fold binding than that of SFN. To characterize the chemical nature of binding by the ITCs, we used bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a surrogate protein. PEITC also modified BSA covalently to a greater extent than SFN occurring exclusively at cysteine residues. Surprisingly, neither PEITC nor SFN bound to DNA or RNA at detectable levels or caused significant DNA strand breakage. The levels of oxidative damage in cells, measured as reactive oxygen species, 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine, and protein carbonyls formation, were greater in cells treated with SFN than PEITC. Because PEITC is a stronger inducer of apoptosis than SFN, these results indicate that direct covalent binding to cellular proteins is an important early event in the induction of apoptosis by the ITCs.

Keywords

Anticarcinogenic agents, apoptosis, carcinoma, cattle, cell line, tumor, isothiocyanates, lung neoplasms, oxidative stress, protein binding, serum albumin, thiocyanates

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